Institutions for design education date back to the nineteenth century. Early influential design historians include German-British art historian Nikolaus Pevsner and Swiss historian and architecture critic Sigfried Giedion. Originally situated within art history, the historical development of the discipline of design history coalesced in the 1970s, as interested academics worked to recognize design as a separate and legitimate target for historical research. Others subscribe to conceptions of design that include pre-industrial objects and artefacts, beginning their narratives of design in prehistorical times.
Many design historians, such as John Heskett, start with the Industrial Revolution and the development of mass production. Study of the history of design is complicated by varying interpretations of what constitutes ‘designing’. And according to the design researcher Nigel Cross "Everyone can – and does – design", and “Design ability is something that everyone has, to some extent, because it is embedded in our brains as a natural cognitive function”. Simon proposed that "Everyone designs who devises courses of action aimed at changing existing situations into preferred ones". In his influential book The Sciences of the Artificial the interdisciplinary scientist Herbert A. The process of creating a design can be brief (a quick sketch) or lengthy and complicated, involving considerable research, negotiation, reflection, modeling, interactive adjustment, and re-design.ĭesigning is also a widespread activity outside of the professions, done by more people than just those formally recognised as designers. A designer's sequence of activities to produce a design is called a design process, using design thinking and possibly design methods. Within the professions, the word 'designer' is generally qualified by the area of practice (so one may be, for example, a fashion designer, a product designer, a web designer, or an interior designer), but it can also designate others such as architects and engineers (see below: Types of designing). The term 'designer' generally refers to someone who works professionally in one of the various design areas. People who produce designs are called designers. Typical examples of designs include architectural and engineering drawings, circuit diagrams, sewing patterns and less tangible artefacts such as business process models. The design usually has to satisfy certain goals and constraints may take into account aesthetic, functional, economic, or socio-political considerations and is expected to interact with a certain environment. In some cases, the direct construction of an object without an explicit prior plan (such as in craftwork, some engineering, coding, and graphic design) may also be considered to be a design activity.
The verb to design expresses the process of developing a design. Early concept design sketches by the architect Erling Viksjø, exploring the relationships between existing and proposed new buildings.Ī design is a plan or specification for the construction of an object or system or for the implementation of an activity or process or the result of that plan or specification in the form of a prototype, product, or process.
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